In my post from last month, “How Far Is Too Far? How Much Is Too Much?” I talked about how authors of YA fiction are including more profanity, sexual situations, drug use, and other controversial content in their novels. I was really curious to find out in greater detail what readers of all ages thought about various difficult topics. Leveraging Google Forms and Sheets, I created a survey to find out.
The survey was both a success and a failure. On the plus side, I got almost 200 responses, which was more than I expected. On the negative side, only six of those responses were from actual young adults. The rest were from grownups (18 and older) who read YA fiction.
I promised to provide an analysis of the results, so here they are. Please note that I’m not claiming statistical significance here. I’m not a stats person, though I do consider myself something of an Excel ninja. Though it’s interesting, I would caution against reading too much into the data I present below. When in doubt, write the book you want to write.
Respondents
From sharing my results with various groups, I managed to get a total of 195 responses. The demographic section of the survey tells us a little about the people who completed it.
Age
As I mentioned above, the overwhelming majority of people who responded to the survey were adults. The breakdown by age category is here:
| Age Category |
Respondents |
Percent |
| 12 – 14 years old |
1 |
0.5% |
| 15 – 17 years old |
5 |
2.6% |
| 18 – 29 years old |
28 |
14.4% |
| 30 – 39 years old |
94 |
48.2% |
| 40+ years old |
67 |
34.4% |
Gender
The overwhelming majority (86%) of respondents were female. Here’s the full breakdown:
| Gender |
Respondents |
Percent |
| Female |
167 |
85.6% |
| Male |
27 |
13.8% |
| Something else, or I prefer not to answer |
1 |
0.5% |
Last year, I was at a writing conference, attending a panel about writing young adult fiction. During the Q&A, a woman stood up and asked the question: “What can be done about the perception that YA fiction is dominated by females?” I actually laughed out loud when I heard this. All four panelists were women. Maybe 80% of the audience were female. This isn’t a “perception” … it’s a reality.
Location
Survey respondents came from 27 US states, plus some international locations. However, because of my circle of friends (and also because of the groups where I went to solicit responses), the vast majority of the responses (54%) came from people who live in Utah.
Here’s the breakdown of how many responses came from each location;
Alabama (1), Alaska (1), Arizona (14), California (7), Colorado (4), Hawaii (4), Idaho (11), Illinois (1), Indiana (2), Louisiana (1), Maryland (1), Michigan (3), Minnesota (1), Nevada (5), New Mexico (1), New York (2), North Carolina (1), Ohio (1), Oklahoma (1), Oregon (4), South Carolina (1), Tennessee (2), Texas (8), Utah (105), Virginia (2), Washington (5), Wyoming (1), Other or International (5)
Average number of books read per month
I thought it would be interesting to know whether the respondents were voracious or more casual readers. Because of this, the survey asked how many books, on average, each of the respondents read.
| Books per Month |
Respondents |
Percent |
| less than 1 |
17 |
8.7% |
| 1 or 2 |
50 |
25.6% |
| 3 or 4 |
64 |
32.8% |
| five or more |
64 |
32.8% |
Percentage of books read in the young adult genre
Finally, I asked what percentage of books each of the respondents read in the young adult genre.
| Books in the YA Genre |
Respondents |
Percent |
| less than 25% |
33 |
76.9% |
| 25 to 50% |
79 |
40.5% |
| 51 to 75% |
45 |
23.1% |
| 75% or more |
38 |
19.5% |
Methodology
Using the word “methodology” automatically makes things more scientific, right? Well, probably not, but I did have a method to my madness. For every topic or subject matter in the main section of the survey, I asked respondents to rate their comfort level using the following rating scale:
- Very uncomfortable. I actively avoid books like this, and won’t read them at all.
- Uncomfortable. I have a low tolerance for books like this, and sometimes stop reading if I encounter the topic.
- Moderately comfortable. I don’t seek out books like this, but I don’t avoid them if the story is good.
- Comfortable. I don’t mind reading books like this, and often enjoy them.
- Very comfortable. I enjoy reading books like this, sometimes seeking them out specifically.
To analyze the responses, I considered a 1 or 2 to be negative (discomfort) and a 4 or 5 to be positive (comfort). The 3 responses were neutral, so I ignored them for the purposes of analysis. Using this methodology, I created Pro/Con comparison for each item, and then compared them as percentages.
As an example, the first question asked the respondents’ comfort levels with “Bible” curse words like “damn” and “hell.” (I actually asterisked them on the survey so nobody could complain about being exposed to profanity). In the results, I got 60 5s, 63 4s, 61 3s, 8 2s and 3 1s. (Yes, three people indicated they were “Very uncomfortable” with encountering the words “damn” and “hell” in a YA novel. Go figure.) Adding the 4s and 5s and the 1s and 2s together, I got a Pro score of 123 and a Con score of 11, or 91.8% Pro and 8.2% Con. Make sense?
So let’s look at the individual sections and scores. To reduce clutter, I’ll provide just the Pro and Con tallies and percentages for each item. However, you’ll find a link to a PDF with the full scoring at the bottom of this post.
Language
I grouped the questions about language into three categories: “Bible” curse words, scatalogical and “body part” curse words, and F-bombs (which my teenaged son calls the “Elder Swear”). The results didn’t really surprise me:
| Language |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories with characters who use “Bible” curse words (d**n, h**l) |
91.8% |
8.2% |
| Stories with characters who use scatalogical or “body part” curse words (s**t, a**, d**k, c**k, c**t, p***y) |
30.5% |
69.5% |
| Stories with characters who drop F-bombs (f**k) |
23.2% |
76.8% |
On one of the groups where I posted this survey, a group member took me to task for grouping words like “shit” and “ass” in with the body part swear words. The names for female body parts, she claimed, were used more for sexual power games than for curse words. I can see her point (to a point), but I was just trying to do a survey, not make a statement about gender politics.
Sexual Content
As far as I can tell, one thing that distinguishes young adult from middle grade fiction is the introduction of sexual situations. (Sometimes, when meeting other writers, I like to joke that I write “middle-grade erotica.” It’s just fun to see the looks on their faces as they try to parse that.) As in all of the categories, I ordered the items based on what I expected the relative comfort/discomfort levels to be.
| Sexual Content |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories with lots of sexual content but no actual sex between teens |
42.9% |
57.1% |
| Stories that talk frankly about pornography and masturbation |
12.8% |
87.2% |
| Stories depicting hetero sex between teens |
19.9% |
80.1% |
| Stories depicting sex between teens and adults |
7.8% |
92.2% |
| Stories depicting taboo sex involving teens (incest, BDSM, etc.) |
5.5% |
94.5% |
One aspect of the results surprised me: overall, the respondents were slightly more comfortable reading stories about actual sex than about pornography and masturbation. I don’t know why, but I was really taken aback to see that readers found simulated, solitary sex more disturbing than the real thing.
The last question in this section is interesting in the sense that it doesn’t seem that the “Fifty Shades of Gray” phenomenon has trickled down to the YA reader. E.L. James’ books pushed BDSM into the mainstream to a certain degree, but that’s not happening for adult readers of YA fiction.
LGBTQ+ Content
Like it or not, young adult fiction tends to be heteronormative in the sense that it assumes that most boys like girls and most girls like boys. (It reflects the real world in this way.) Since I personally know a number of readers who intentionally steer clear of books with gay and lesbian protagonists, I figured it made sense to ask these questions separately.
| LGBTQ+ Content |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories with major LGBTQ+ characters, in which the characters’ orientation is incidental to the plot |
57.7% |
42.3% |
| Stories with major LGBTQ+ characters, in which the characters’ orientation is crucial to the plot (including “coming out” stories) |
39.9% |
60.1% |
| Stories with minor LGBTQ+ characters |
73.8% |
26.2% |
| Stories depicting sex between LGBTQ+ teens |
13.0% |
87.0% |
| Stories depicting sex between LGBTQ+ teens and adults |
5.9% |
94.1% |
YA readers seem to be more accepting of LGBTQ main characters if their sexuality isn’t directly tied to the plot. The big difference in comfort levels between the first and second items above kind of surprised me. Minor gay and lesbian characters (I was careful not to use the word “token”) seem to be more acceptable to more readers.
Substance Abuse
I remember being shocked, as a young teenager, reading about teenagers drinking and smoking in The Outsiders. I was probably 13 when I discovered that book, and nobody in my sheltered circle of friends did any of that stuff. My kids had a very different experience. In my kids’ school, vaping and seems to have replaced smoking as the default bad-habit-du-jour.
And remember: The Outsiders was published in 1967. Teens have always smoked and boozed and used drugs.
| Substance Abuse |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories depicting teenagers smoking or vaping |
64.2% |
35.8% |
| Stories depicting recreational drug use by teens |
38.0% |
62.0% |
| Stories depicting alcohol use by teens |
50.4% |
49.6% |
| Stories depicting the abuse of prescription drugs by teens |
42.1% |
57.9% |
| Stories depicting the sale or purchase of illicit drugs by teens |
36.8% |
63.2% |
I actually expected the Pro scores here to be a little higher. It’s possible that the older audience skewed the numbers here to the Con side.
Mental Illness
There has been a huge effort over the past several decades to destigmatize mental illness. In the past several years, I’ve read YA fiction with protagonists who have Tourette syndrome, with severe depression, and even sociopathy. Readers seem to see mental illnesses as just another obstacle for characters to overcome.
| Mental Illness |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories focusing on protagonists dealing with mental illnesses |
95.1% |
4.9% |
| Stories that prominently feature self-harm (cutting and other self-injury) |
52.5% |
47.5% |
| Stories focusing on protagonists who have eating disorders |
85.5% |
14.5% |
| Stories depicting characters with suicidal thoughts or who attempt suicide |
68.1% |
31.9% |
The one surprise here is the balanced Pro/Con score for self-harm. From what I can tell, in the United states, around 6-10 percent of teenagers intentionally hurt themselves, with “cutting” being the most common activity of this type. At the same time, less than 3 percent of of teens struggle with eating disorders. With self-harm being two or even three times more common than eating disorders among U.S. teens, you’d think it would be a topic more people would be comfortable reading about. Not so, apparently. That self-harm is significantly less acceptable to readers than suicide should be an eye-opening fact.
Abuse and Violence
I’m not certain I got the questions in this category “right.” Violence is a staple of growing up—kids beat up on each other all the time. I tried to think of the types of abusive situations that might cause someone to put a book down.
| Abuse and Violence |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories depicting sexual abuse involving teens or children |
17.9% |
82.1% |
| Stories depicting sexual assault involving teens or children |
19.5% |
80.5% |
| Stories depicting domestic violence |
43.1% |
56.9% |
| Stories depicting other kinds of violent situations |
68.1% |
31.9% |
Interestingly, the Pro/Con rating for sexual assault is within half a point of the rating for hetero teenaged sex (see above). And the readers I polled are more comfortable reading YA fiction about sexual assault than about consensual sex between LGBTQ teens. That last question is kind of a catch-all, and doesn’t really say much about anything.
Social Issues
Speaking of catch-alls, this last category was exactly that.
| Social Issues |
Pro % |
Con % |
| Stories involving bullying (real-world or cyber) |
92.2% |
7.8% |
| Stories involving racism, racial discrimination or racial inequality |
89.3% |
10.7% |
| Stories involving sexism, sexual discrimination or sexual inequality |
83.2% |
16.8% |
| Stories in which teens talk about or get an abortion |
46.6% |
53.4% |
| Stories involving firearms |
88.5% |
11.5% |
| Stories with heavy political content |
67.8% |
32.2% |
The bullying question was a gimme. Bullying is so pervasive in all aspects of teenagerhood that I would defy anyone to come up with a single work of YA fiction that didn’t feature bullying of some kind.
I wasn’t surprised by the Pro/Con ratings on the “ism” questions. I was pretty surprised that my respondents were more comfortable reading about teenagers with guns than they were about teenagers getting abortions. (But then, I had a very Utah-heavy population that responded.) The question about politics was also interesting. I wasn’t expecting a two-thirds Pro rating on that one, though I’m not sure whether I expected it to be higher or lower.
Conclusion
Again, since this turned out to be essentially a poll of adults, I’m not sure how much we can extrapolate regarding teen readers. It’s worth pointing out, though, that adult readers of YA fiction are often the “gatekeepers” who buy the books, put them on library shelves, assign them for classes, and so on. So grownup attitudes about young adult fiction are still worth considering.
You can download a more detailed analysis of numbers below. Enjoy!
YA Fiction – How Edgy Is Too Edgy?
Originally posted on the writers’ blog, Thinking Through Our Fingers.